For congenital diaphragmatic hernia, which intervention is described as fetal surgery?

• A. Surgical correction
• B. Observation
• C. Fetal surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia
• D. Physical therapy

Answer: (C)

Fetal surgery means performing a procedure on the fetus while it is still in the uterus, aiming to modify the disease before birth. In congenital diaphragmatic hernia, some centers pursue prenatal interventions like fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion to promote lung growth, which is exactly an in-utero procedure. So the option that describes fetal surgery for this condition is the best fit. The other approaches—surgical correction after birth, simply observing, or postnatal physical therapy—occur after birth or are noninvasive and do not constitute fetal surgery.