Which factors are commonly linked to the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma?

• A. Actinic keratosis, HPV infection, sun exposure.
• B. Acne, rosacea, melasma.
• C. Genetic keratoses only.
• D. Sunscreen use, moisturizer.

Answer: (A)

Chronic ultraviolet exposure causing DNA damage in skin cells is the main driver of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma risk. Actinic keratoses are sun-induced precancerous lesions that reflect extensive UV damage; their presence indicates field cancerization and a higher chance that squamous cell carcinoma can develop from the damaged skin. HPV infection can contribute in certain contexts (especially in immunosuppressed individuals), but sun exposure and actinic damage are the primary, most consistently linked factors. Sunscreen use and moisturizers are generally protective, not risk factors, and conditions like acne, rosacea, or melasma are not linked to developing squamous cell carcinoma.