Which finding is characteristic of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

• A. Microaneurysms and blot hemorrhages
• B. Neovascularization
• C. Retinal detachment
• D. Optic disc edema with papilledema

Answer: (A)

Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy is defined by retinal microvascular damage that occurs before new vessel growth. The hallmark finding is microaneurysms—tiny outpouchings of retinal capillaries—that leak fluid. This leakage shows up as dot and blot hemorrhages in the retina. These signs are among the earliest visible changes from chronic hyperglycemia in the retina and reflect non-angiogenic, background damage rather than new vessel formation. As the condition advances, you may see hard exudates and cotton-wool spots, but crucially, there is no neovascularization yet. The appearance of new, abnormal blood vessels on the retina or optic disc indicates the proliferative stage, which carries higher risks like vitreous hemorrhage and tractional detachment. Retinal detachment or optic disc edema with papilledema are not characteristic features of the non-proliferative stage. Therefore, microaneurysms with dot/blot hemorrhages best characterize non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.